Book 5 / Chapter 8
Paragraph 3 - Acts of Justice and Injustice by Choice
Explanation - Part By Part
"But if a man harms another by choice, he acts unjustly; and these are the acts of injustice which imply that the doer is an unjust man, provided that the act violates proportion or equality."
Aristotle is arguing that when someone intentionally harms another person—choosing to act in a way that is unfair or unequal—this action is inherently unjust. Moreover, engaging in such behavior by choice suggests that the person committing the harm is not just doing something unjust, but is, by character, an "unjust person." The harm caused must break the balance or fairness—that is, it violates the principles of proportion or equality that justice is built upon. For Aristotle, justice isn’t just about actions, but about adhering to a deeper sense of fairness that governs relationships and society. So, deliberate harm signals a deeper flaw or imbalance in the character of the one committing it.
"Similarly, a man is just when he acts justly by choice; but he acts justly if he merely acts voluntarily."
This part makes a distinction between acting justly and being a just person. A person who consistently chooses to act in alignment with justice—deliberately choosing fairness and equity when faced with decisions—is considered a truly just person. Their actions reflect who they are at their core.
On the other hand, simply acting justly could mean someone is performing a just action, but without deliberate intent or a deeper commitment to justice. For example, a person might voluntarily follow the law or do something fair, but not necessarily because they value justice—it could be accidental, out of habit, or due to external pressure.
Aristotle is emphasizing that true virtue comes from intention and character, not just from performing the correct actions outwardly.